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Upper Respiratory Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
- A medical history and physical examination are the first steps.
- If influenza is suspected, influenza testing may be recommended.
- Patients with symptoms or signs of lung infection, such as shortness
of breath, should be evaluated for pneumonia with a chest X–ray,
blood tests, and cultures.
Treatment
- Preventive strategies to avoid infection include covering the
mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, washing hands appropriately,
and avoiding touching one’s eyes and nose.
Moderation in exercise may help immunity. There is a high incidence
of upper respiratory infection in endurance athletes because they
have decreased function of the immune system. In contrast, moderate
physical activity does not blunt the immune system, and may improve
it.
Individuals who have more frequent or long–lasting periods of psychological
stress are at greater risk for a URI. Although further research
is required, some studies have found that stress management techniques
(cognitive–behavioral therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, focused
breathing, relaxation, or guided imagery) increase functioning
of the immune system and reduce the number of sick days.
- There is
no cure for the common cold. Antibiotics are not effective against
the viruses that cause colds. The goal of therapy is to treat the
symptoms.
Heated and humidified air may help. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine),
antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine and loratadine), acetaminophen
(Tylenol), aspirin, and ibuprofen may be helpful. However, aspirin
should never be used in children with viral infections due to the
risk of Reye’s syndrome, a deadly disease that primarily
affects the brain and liver.
- Antibacterial soaps and other cleaning
products do not affect the spread of infection, and may also cause
bacterial resistance. Phenol or acetate sprays (e.g., Lysol) for
household use may prevent the spread of infection.
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