Venous Insufficiency and Varicosities: References

1. Jawien A. The influence of environmental factors in chronic venous insufficiency. Angiology. 2003;54(suppl 1):S19–S31.

2. Brand FN, Dannenberg AL, Abbott RD, et al. The epidemiology of varicose veins: the Framingham Study. Am J Prev Med. 1988;4:96–101.

3. Lee AJ, Evans CJ, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG. Lifestyle factors and the risk of varicose veins: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:171–179.

4. MacKay D. Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6:126–140.

5. Miller AL. Botanical influences on cardiovascular disease. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3:422–431.

6. Burkitt DP. The protective properties of dietary fiber. N C Med J. 1981;42:467–471.

7. Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Evans CJ, Allan PL, Bradbury AW, Ruckley CV. Lifestyle risk factors for lower limb venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:846–852.

8. Richardson JB, Dixon M. Varicose veins in tropical Africa. Lancet. 1977;1:791–792.

9. Lee AJ, Evans CJ, Hau CM, Fowkes FG. Fiber intake, constipation, and risk of varicose veins in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:423–429. 

10. Lee AJ, Lowe GD, Rumley A, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG. Haemostatic factors and risk of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency: Edinburgh Vein Study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2000;11:775–781.

11. Lindahl B, Nilsson TK, Jansson JH, et al. Improved fibrinolysis by intense lifestyle intervention. A randomized trial in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. J Intern Med. 1999;246:105–112.

12. Marckmann P, Sandstrom B, Jespersen J. Low–fat, high–fiber diet favorably affects several independent risk markers of ischemic heart disease: observations  on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis from a trial of middle–aged Danes.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:935–939.

13. Beebe–Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, Schottenfeld D. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:175–184.

14. Raftopoulos I, Ercole J, Udekwu AO, Luketich JD, Courcoulas AP. Outcomes of Roux–en–Y gastric bypass stratified by a body mass index of 70 kg/m2: a comparative analysis of 825 procedures. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:44–52.

15. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD003230.

16. Siebert U, Brach M, Sroczynski G, Berla K. Efficacy, routine effectiveness, and safety of horse chestnut seed extract in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. A meta–analysis of randomized controlled trials and large observational studies. Int Angiol. 2002;21:305–315.

17. Lyseng–Williamson KA, Perry CM. Micronised purified flavonoid fraction: a review of its use in chronic venous insufficiency, venous ulcers, and hemorrhoids. Drugs. 2003;63:71–100.

18. Smith PC. Daflon 500 mg and venous leg ulcer: new results from a meta–analysis. Angiology. 2005;56(suppl 1):S33–S39.

19. Boyle P, Diehm C, Robertson C. Meta–analysis of clinical trials of Cyclo 3 Fort in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Int Angiol. 2003;22:250–262.

20. Vanscheidt W, Jost V, Wolna P, et al. Efficacy and safety of a Butcher's broom preparation (Ruscus aculeatus L. extract) compared to placebo in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52:243–250.