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Stroke: References

1. Brown RD, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, et al. Stroke incidence, prevalence, and survival: secular trends in Rochester, Minnesota, through 1989. Stroke. 1996;27:373–380.

2. Whisnant JP. Modeling of risk factors for ischemic stroke. The Willis Lecture.  Stroke. 1997;28:1840–1844.

3. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2005 update. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/
1105390918119HDSStats2005Update.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2005.

4. Wilcken DE. Novel risk factors for vascular disease: the homocysteine hypothesis of cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998;5:217–221.

5. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 1995;274:1049–1057.

6. Wendel–Vos GC, Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ, et al. Physical activity and stroke. A meta–analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:787–798. 

7. Wessel TR, Arant CB, Olson MB, et al. Relationship of physical fitness vs. body mass index with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2004;292:1179–1187. 

8. Barnett HJ, Gunton RW, Eliasziw M, et al. Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000. 283:1429–1436.

9. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22:983–988.

10. Stang PE, Carson AP, Rose KM, et al. Headache, cerebrovascular symptoms, and stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurology. 2005;64:1573–1577.

11. American Heart Association. Stroke outcomes classification.
Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1859.  Accessed May 30, 2005. 

12. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Koelman TW, et al.  Effects of intensity of rehabilitation after stroke: a research synthesis. Stroke. 1997;28:1550–1556.

13. Koren–Morag N, Tanne D, Graff E, Goldbourt U. Low– and high–density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease: the bezafibrate infarction prevention registry. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:993–999. 

14. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, Albanes D, Heinonen OP. Different risk factors for different stroke subtypes: association of blood pressure, cholesterol, and antioxidants. Stroke.1999;30:2535–2540. 

15. Tanasescu M, Cho E, Manson JE, Hu FB. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:999–1005. 

16. Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D, et al. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. JAMA. 1995;273:1113–1117.

17. Hak AE, Ma J, Powell CB, et al. Prospective study of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:1584–1588. 

18. Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke. 2000;31:2301–2306. 

19. Voko Z, Hollander M, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Dietary antioxidants and the risk of ischemic stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 2003;61:1273–1275. 

20. Yochum LA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:476–483. 

21. He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, et al. Folate, vitamin B6, and B12 intakes in relation to risk of stroke among men. Stroke. 2004;35:169–174. 

22. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, et al. Dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke in US men and women: NHANES Epidemiologic Follow–up Study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Stroke.2002;33:1183–1188. 

23. Oh K, Hu FB, Cho E, et al. Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber in relation to risk of stroke in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:161–169. 

24. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, et al. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among U.S. men. Circulation. 1998;98:1198–1204. 

25. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study. JAMA. 2000;284:1534–1540.  

26. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu N, Shimizu H. Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke. 2004;35:1543–1547.

27. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, Bazzano LA, Loria C, Whelton PK. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA. 1999;282:2027–2034. 

28. Fang J, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. Dietary potassium intake and stroke mortality. Stroke. 2000;31:1532–1537. 

29. Khaw KT, Barrett–Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke–associated mortality. A 12–year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:235–240. 

30. Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden–Albala B, et al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 2003;34:1586–1592. 

31. Zhou BF. Effect of body mass index on all–cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases––report for meta–analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut–off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci. 2002;15:245–252. 

32. Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Johansson S. Body mass index, coronary heart disease and stroke in Swedish women. A prospective 19–year follow–up in the BEDA study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10:443–450. 

33. Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10–year period. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1581–1586. 

34. Mukamal KJ, Ascherio A, Mittleman MA, et al. Alcohol and risk for ischemic stroke in men: the role of drinking patterns and usual beverage. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:11–19. 

35. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta–analysis. JAMA. 2003;289:579–588.  

36. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD, Sidney S. Alcohol drinking and risk of hospitalization for ischemic stroke. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:703–706. 

37. FOOD Trial Collaboration. Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke. 2003;34:1450–1456.

Ding EL, Mozaffarian D. Optimal dietary habits for the prevention of stroke. Semin Neurol. 2006 Feb;26(1):11–23.

Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, Sides EG, Wang CH, Stampfer M. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):565–75.

Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen MJ, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Held C, Genest J Jr; Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006.

 

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